rotavirus vaccine, live
Dosage Form: oral applicator
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
Indications and Usage for Rotarix
Rotarix® is indicated for the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis caused by G1 and non-G1 types (G3, G4, and G9) when administered as a 2-dose series [see Clinical Studies (14.3)]. Rotarix is approved for use in infants 6 weeks to 24 weeks of age.
Rotarix Dosage and Administration
Reconstitution Instructions for Oral Administration
For oral use only. Not for injection.
Reconstitute only with accompanying diluent. Do not mix Rotarix with other vaccines or solutions.
| Remove vial cap and push transfer adapter onto vial (lyophilized vaccine). | |
| Shake diluent in oral applicator (white, turbid suspension). Connect oral applicator to transfer adapter. | |
| Push plunger of oral applicator to transfer diluent into vial. Suspension will appear white and turbid. | |
| Withdraw vaccine into oral applicator. | |
| Twist and remove the oral applicator. | |
Ready for oral administration. | Do not use a needle with Rotarix. Not for injection. |
Recommended Dose and Schedule
The vaccination series consists of two 1-mL doses administered orally. The first dose should be administered to infants beginning at 6 weeks of age. There should be an interval of at least 4 weeks between the first and second dose. The 2-dose series should be completed by 24 weeks of age.
Safety and effectiveness have not been evaluated if Rotarix were administered for the first dose and another rotavirus vaccine were administered for the second dose or vice versa.
In the event that the infant spits out or regurgitates most of the vaccine dose, a single replacement dose may be considered at the same vaccination visit.
Infant Feeding
Breast-feeding was permitted in clinical studies. There was no evidence to suggest that breast-feeding reduced the protection against rotavirus gastroenteritis afforded by Rotarix. There are no restrictions on the infant’s liquid consumption, including breast-milk, either before or after vaccination with Rotarix.
Dosage Forms and Strengths
Rotarix is available as a vial of lyophilized vaccine to be reconstituted with a liquid diluent in a prefilled oral applicator.
Each 1-mL dose contains a suspension of at least 106.0 median Cell Culture Infective Dose (CCID50) of live, attenuated human G1P[8] rotavirus after reconstitution.
Contraindications
4.1 Hypersensitivity
A demonstrated history of hypersensitivity to any component of the vaccine.
Infants who develop symptoms suggestive of hypersensitivity after receiving a dose of Rotarix should not receive further doses of Rotarix.
Gastrointestinal Tract Congenital Malformation
History of uncorrected congenital malformation of the gastrointestinal tract (such as Meckel’s diverticulum) that would predispose the infant for intussusception.
4.3 Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease
Infants with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID) should not receive Rotarix. Postmarketing reports of gastroenteritis, including severe diarrhea and prolonged shedding of vaccine virus, have been reported in infants who were administered live, oral rotavirus vaccines and later identified as having SCID [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)].
Warnings and Precautions
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Administration of Rotarix should be delayed in infants suffering from acute diarrhea or vomiting.
Safety and effectiveness of Rotarix in infants with chronic gastrointestinal disorders have not been evaluated. [See Contraindications (4.2).]
Altered Immunocompetence
Safety and effectiveness of Rotarix in infants with known primary or secondary immunodeficiencies, including infants with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), infants on immunosuppressive therapy, or infants with malignant neoplasms affecting the bone marrow or lymphatic system have not been evaluated.
Shedding and Transmission
Rotavirus shedding in stool occurs after vaccination with peak excretion occurring around day 7 after dose 1. Live rotavirus shedding was evaluated in 2 studies among a subset of infants at day 7 after dose 1. In these studies, the estimated percentages of recipients of Rotarix who shed live rotavirus were 25.6% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 10.2, 41.1) and 26.5% (95% CI: 15.5, 37.5), respectively. Transmission of virus was not evaluated. There is a possibility that the live vaccine virus can be transmitted to non-vaccinated contacts. The potential for transmission of vaccine virus following vaccination should be weighed against the possibility of acquiring and transmitting natural rotavirus.
Intussusception
Following administration of a previously licensed oral live rhesus rotavirus-based vaccine, an increased risk of intussusception was observed.1 The risk of intussusception with Rotarix was evaluated in a pre-licensure safety study (including 63,225 infants) conducted in Latin America and Finland. No increased risk of intussusception was observed in this clinical trial following administration of Rotarix when compared with placebo. [See Adverse Reactions (6.1).]
Interim postmarketing safety data from a study conducted in Mexico among a birth cohort of infants suggest an increased risk of intussusception in the 31-day period following administration of the first dose of Rotarix. In this study, within the 31-day period after the first dose, most cases of intussusception occurred in the first 7 days. [See Adverse Reactions (6.2).]
In worldwide passive postmarketing surveillance, cases of intussusception have been reported in temporal association with Rotarix [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)].
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis
Safety and effectiveness of Rotarix when administered after exposure to rotavirus have not been evaluated.
Adverse Reactions
Clinical Trials Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a vaccine cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another vaccine, and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. As with any vaccine, there is the possibility that broad use of Rotarix could reveal adverse reactions not observed in clinical trials.
Solicited and unsolicited adverse events, serious adverse events and cases of intussusception were collected in 7 clinical studies. Cases of intussusception and serious adverse events were collected in an additional large safety study. These 8 clinical studies evaluated a total of 71,209 infants who received Rotarix (N = 36,755) or placebo (N = 34,454). The racial distribution for these studies was as follows: Hispanic 73.4%, white 16.2%, black 1.0%, and other 9.4%; 51% were male.
Solicited Adverse Events: In 7 clinical studies, detailed safety information was collected by parents/guardians for 8 consecutive days following vaccination with Rotarix (i.e., day of vaccination and the next 7 days). A diary card was completed to record fussiness/irritability, cough/runny nose, the infant’s temperature, loss of appetite, vomiting, or diarrhea on a daily basis during the first week following each dose of Rotarix or placebo. Adverse events among recipients of Rotarix and placebo occurred at similar rates (Table 1).
| Dose 1 | Dose 2 | |||
| Rotarix | Placebo | Rotarix | Placebo | |
| N = 3,284 | N = 2,013 | N = 3,201 | N = 1,973 | |
| % | % | % | % | |
| Fussiness/irritabilitya | 52 | 52 | 42 | 42 |
| Cough/runny noseb | 28 | 30 | 31 | 33 |
| Feverc | 25 | 33 | 28 | 34 |
| Loss of appetited | 25 | 25 | 21 | 21 |
| Vomiting | 13 | 11 | 8 | 8 |
| Diarrhea | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Total vaccinated cohort = all vaccinated infants for whom safety data were available.
N = number of infants for whom at least one symptom sheet was completed.
aDefined as crying more than usual.
bData not collected in 1 of 7 studies; Dose 1: Rotarix N = 2,583; placebo N = 1,897; Dose 2: Rotarix N = 2,522; placebo N = 1,863.
cDefined as temperature ≥100.4°F (≥38.0°C) rectally or ≥99.5°F (≥37.5°C) orally.
dDefined as eating less than usual.
Unsolicited Adverse Events: Infants were monitored for unsolicited serious and non-serious adverse events that occurred in the 31-day period following vaccination in 7 clinical studies. The following adverse events occurred at a statistically higher incidence (95% CI of Relative Risk excluding 1) among recipients of Rotarix (N = 5,082) as compared with placebo recipients (N = 2,902): irritability (Rotarix 11.4%, placebo 8.7%) and flatulence (Rotarix 2.2%, placebo 1.3%).
Serious Adverse Events (SAEs): Infants were monitored for serious adverse events that occurred in the 31-day period following vaccination in 8 clinical studies. Serious adverse events occurred in 1.7% of recipients of Rotarix (N = 36,755) as compared with 1.9% of placebo recipients (N = 34,454). Among placebo recipients, diarrhea (placebo 0.07%, Rotarix 0.02%), dehydration (placebo 0.06%, Rotarix 0.02%), and gastroenteritis (placebo 0.3%, Rotarix 0.2%) occurred at a statistically higher incidence (95% CI of Relative Risk excluding 1) as compared with recipients of Rotarix.
Deaths: During the entire course of 8 clinical studies, there were 68 (0.19%) deaths following administration of Rotarix (N = 36,755) and 50 (0.15%) deaths following placebo administration (N = 34,454). The most commonly reported cause of death following vaccination was pneumonia, which was observed in 19 (0.05%) recipients of Rotarix and 10 (0.03%) placebo recipients (Relative Risk: 1.74, 95% CI: 0.76, 4.23).
Intussusception: In a controlled safety study conducted in Latin America and Finland, the risk of intussusception was evaluated in 63,225 infants (31,673 received Rotarix and 31,552 received placebo). Infants were monitored by active surveillance including independent, complementary methods (prospective hospital surveillance and parent reporting at scheduled study visits) to identify potential cases of intussusception within 31 days after vaccination and, in a subset of 20,169 infants (10,159 received Rotarix and 10,010 received placebo), up to one year after the first dose.
No increased risk of intussusception following administration of Rotarix was observed within a 31-day period following any dose, and rates were comparable to the placebo group after a median of 100 days (Table 2). In a subset of 20,169 infants (10,159 received Rotarix and 10,010 received placebo) followed up to one year after dose 1, there were 4 cases of intussusception with Rotarix compared with 14 cases of intussusception with placebo [Relative Risk: 0.28 (95% CI: 0.10, 0.81)]. All of the infants who developed intussusception recovered without sequelae.
| Confirmed Cases of Intussusception | Rotarix | Placebo |
| N = 31,673 | N = 31,552 | |
| Within 31 days of diagnosis after any dose | 6 | 7 |
| Relative Risk (95% CI) | 0.85 (0.30, 2.42) | |
| Within 100 days of dose 1a | 9 | 16 |
| Relative Risk (95% CI) | 0.56 (0.25, 1.24) | |
CI = Confidence Interval.
aMedian duration after dose 1 (follow-up visit at 30 to 90 days after dose 2).
Among vaccine recipients, there were no confirmed cases of intussusception within the 0- to 14-day period after the first dose (Table 3), which was the period of highest risk for the previously licensed oral live rhesus rotavirus-based vaccine.1
| Dose 1 | Dose 2 | Any Dose | ||||
| Day Range | Rotarix | Placebo | Rotarix | Placebo | Rotarix | Placebo |
| N = 31,673 | N = 31,552 | N = 29,616 | N = 29,465 | N = 31,673 | N = 31,552 | |
| 0-7 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| 8-14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 15-21 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 |
| 22-30 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Total (0-30) | 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
Kawasaki Disease: Kawasaki disease has been reported in 18 (0.035%) recipients of Rotarix and 9 (0.021%) placebo recipients from 16 completed or ongoing clinical trials. Of the 27 cases, 5 occurred following Rotarix in clinical trials that were either not placebo-controlled or 1:1 randomized. In placebo-controlled trials, Kawasaki disease was reported in 17 recipients of Rotarix and 9 placebo recipients [Relative Risk: 1.71 (95% CI: 0.71, 4.38)]. Three of the 27 cases were reported within 30 days post-vaccination: 2 cases (Rotarix = 1, placebo = 1) were from placebo-controlled trials [Relative Risk: 1.00 (95% CI: 0.01, 78.35)] and one case following Rotarix was from a non-placebo-controlled trial. Among recipients of Rotarix, the time of onset after study dose ranged 3 days to 19 months.
Postmarketing Experience
The risk of intussusception with Rotarix has been evaluated in a hospital-based Postmarketing Active Surveillance Study (PASS) in a birth cohort of infants in Mexico. An interim analysis of this study suggests an increased risk of intussusception in the 31-day period following administration of the first dose of Rotarix [Relative Risk: 1.8 (99% CI: 1.0, 3.1)]. In this study, within the 31-day period after the first dose, most cases of intussusception occurred in the first 7 days.
Applying the relative risk observed from the interim analysis of the PASS in Mexico to estimates of background rates of intussusception in the US would approximate 0 to 4 additional cases of intussusception hospitalizations per 100,000 vaccinated infants within the 31 days after the first dose. In the first year of life, the background rate of intussusception hospitalizations in the US is approximately 34 per 100,000 infants.2
Worldwide passive postmarketing surveillance data also suggest that most cases of intussusception reported following Rotarix occur in the 7-day period after the first dose.
The following adverse events have been reported since market introduction of Rotarix. Because these events are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to vaccination with Rotarix.
Gastrointestinal Disorders: Intussusception (including death), hematochezia, gastroenteritis with vaccine viral shedding in infants with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID).
Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders: Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.
Vascular Disorders: Kawasaki disease.
General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions: Maladministration.
Drug Interactions
Concomitant Vaccine Administration
In clinical trials, Rotarix was administered concomitantly with US-licensed and non-US-licensed vaccines. In a US coadministration study in 484 infants, there was no evidence of interference in the immune responses to any of the antigens when PEDIARIX® [Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Adsorbed, Hepatitis B (Recombinant) and Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine Combined], a US-licensed 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc.), and a US-licensed Hib conjugate vaccine (Sanofi Pasteur SA) were coadministered with Rotarix as compared with separate administration of Rotarix.
Immunosuppressive Therapies
Immunosuppressive therapies, including irradiation, antimetabolites, alkylating agents, cytotoxic drugs, and corticosteroids (used in greater than physiologic doses), may reduce the immune response to Rotarix. [See Warnings and Precautions (5.2).]
USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category C
Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Rotarix. It is also not known whether Rotarix can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity.
Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness of Rotarix in infants younger than 6 weeks or older than 24 weeks of age have not been evaluated.
The effectiveness of Rotarix in pre-term infants has not been established. Safety data are available in pre-term infants (Rotarix = 134, placebo = 120) with a reported gestational age ≤36 weeks. These pre-term infants were followed for serious adverse events up to 30 to 90 days after dose 2. Serious adverse events were observed in 5.2% of recipients of Rotarix as compared with 5.0% of placebo recipients. No deaths or cases of intussusception were reported in this population.
Rotarix Description
Rotarix (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral), for oral administration, is a live, attenuated rotavirus vaccine derived from the human 89-12 strain which belongs to G1P[8] type. The rotavirus strain is propagated on Vero cells. After reconstitution, the final formulation (1 mL) contains at least 106.0 median Cell Culture Infective Dose (CCID50) of live, attenuated rotavirus.
The lyophilized vaccine contains amino acids, dextran, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), sorbitol, and sucrose. DMEM contains the following ingredients: sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium sulfate, ferric (III) nitrate, sodium phosphate, sodium pyruvate, D-glucose, concentrated vitamin solution, L-cystine, L-tyrosine, amino acids solution, L-glutamine, calcium chloride, sodium hydrogenocarbonate, and phenol red.
In the manufacturing process, porcine-derived materials are used. Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV-1) is present in Rotarix. PCV-1 is not known to cause disease in humans.
The liquid diluent contains calcium carbonate, sterile water, and xanthan. The diluent includes an antacid component (calcium carbonate) to protect the vaccine during passage through the stomach and prevent its inactivation due to the acidic environment of the stomach.
Rotarix contains no preservatives.
The tip cap and the rubber plunger of the oral applicator contain dry natural latex rubber. The vial stopper and transfer adapter are latex-free.
Rotarix - Clinical Pharmacology
Mechanism of Action
Prior to rotavirus vaccination programs, rotavirus infected nearly all children by the time they were 5 years of age. Severe, dehydrating rotavirus gastroenteritis occurs primarily among children aged 3 to 35 months.3 Among children up to 3 years of age, approximately 16% of cases before 6 months of age result in hospitalization.4
The exact immunologic mechanism by which Rotarix protects against rotavirus gastroenteritis is unknown [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.2)]. Rotarix contains a live, attenuated human rotavirus that replicates in the small intestine and induces immunity.
Pharmacodynamics
Immunogenicity: A relationship between antibody responses to rotavirus vaccination and protection against rotavirus gastroenteritis has not been established. Seroconversion was defined as the appearance of anti-rotavirus IgA antibodies (concentration ≥20 U/mL) post-vaccination in the serum of infants previously negative for rotavirus. In 2 safety and efficacy studies, one to two months after a 2-dose series, 86.5% of 787 recipients of Rotarix seroconverted compared with 6.7% of 420 placebo recipients and 76.8% of 393 recipients of Rotarix seroconverted compared with 9.7% of 341 placebo recipients, respectively.
Nonclinical Toxicology
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Rotarix has not been evaluated for carcinogenic or mutagenic potential, or for impairment of fertility.
Clinical Studies
Efficacy Studies
The data demonstrating the efficacy of Rotarix in preventing rotavirus gastroenteritis come from 24,163 infants randomized in two placebo-controlled studies conducted in 17 countries in Europe and Latin America. In these studies, oral polio vaccine (OPV) was not coadministered; however, other routine childhood vaccines could be concomitantly administered. Breast-feeding was permitted in both studies.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 6 European countries. A total of 3,994 infants were enrolled to receive Rotarix (n = 2,646) or placebo (n = 1,348). Vaccine or placebo was given to healthy infants as a 2-dose series with the first dose administered orally from 6 through 14 weeks of age followed by one additional dose administered at least 4 weeks after the first dose. The 2-dose series was completed by 24 weeks of age. For both vaccination groups, 98.3% of infants were white and 53% were male.
The clinical case definition of rotavirus gastroenteritis was an episode of diarrhea (passage of 3 or more loose or watery stools within a day), with or without vomiting, where rotavirus was identified in a stool sample. Severity of gastroenteritis was determined by a clinical scoring system, the Vesikari scale, assessing the duration and intensity of diarrhea and vomiting, the intensity of fever, use of rehydration therapy or hospitalization for each episode. Scores range from 0 to 20, where higher scores indicate greater severity. An episode of gastroenteritis with a score of 11 or greater was considered severe.5
The primary efficacy endpoint was prevention of any grade of severity of rotavirus gastroenteritis caused by naturally occurring rotavirus from 2 weeks after the second dose through one rotavirus season (according to protocol, ATP). Other efficacy evaluations included prevention of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis, as defined by the Vesikari scale, and reductions in hospitalizations due to rotavirus gastroenteritis and all cause gastroenteritis regardless of presumed etiology. Analyses were also done to evaluate the efficacy of Rotarix against rotavirus gastroenteritis among infants who received at least one vaccination (total vaccinated cohort, TVC).
Efficacy of Rotarix against any grade of severity of rotavirus gastroenteritis through one rotavirus season was 87.1% (95% CI: 79.6, 92.1); TVC efficacy was 87.3% (95% CI: 80.3, 92.0). Efficacy against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis through one rotavirus season was 95.8% (95% CI: 89.6, 98.7); TVC efficacy was 96.0% (95% CI: 90.2, 98.8) (Table 4). The protective effect of Rotarix against any grade of severity of rotavirus gastroenteritis observed immediately following dose 1 administration and prior to dose 2 was 89.8% (95% CI: 8.9, 99.8).
Efficacy of Rotarix in reducing hospitalizations for rotavirus gastroenteritis through one rotavirus season was 100% (95% CI: 81.8, 100); TVC efficacy was 100% (95% CI: 81.7, 100) (Table 4). Rotarix reduced hospitalizations for all cause gastroenteritis regardless of presumed etiology by 74.7% (95% CI: 45.5, 88.9).
| According to Protocola | Total Vaccinated Cohortb | |||
| Rotarix | Placebo | Rotarix | Placebo | |
| Infants in Cohort | N = 2,572 | N = 1,302 | N = 2,646 | N = 1,348 |
| Gastroenteritis cases | ||||
| Any severity | 24 | 94 | 26 | 104 |
| Severec | 5 | 60 | 5 | 64 |
| Efficacy estimate against RV GE | ||||
| Any severity | 87.1%d | 87.3%d | ||
| (95% CI) | (79.6, 92.1) | (80.3, 92.0) | ||
| Severec | 95.8%d | 96.0%d | ||
| (95% CI) | (89.6, 98.7) | (90.2, 98.8) | ||
| Cases of hospitalization due to RV GE | 0 | 12 | 0 | 12 |
| Efficacy in reducing hospitalizations due to RV GE | 100%d | 100%d | ||
| (95% CI) | (81.8, 100) | (81.7, 100) | ||
RV GE = rotavirus gastroenteritis; CI = Confidence Interval.
aATP analysis includes all infants in the efficacy cohort who received two doses of vaccine according to randomization.
bTVC analysis includes all infants in the efficacy cohort who received at least one dose of vaccine or placebo.
cSevere gastroenteritis defined as ≥11 on the Vesikari scale.
dStatistically significant vs. placebo (P <0.001).
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 11 countries in Latin America and Finland. A total of 63,225 infants received Rotarix (n = 31,673) or placebo (n = 31,552). An efficacy subset of these infants consisting of 20,169 infants from Latin America received Rotarix (n = 10,159) or placebo (n = 10,010). Vaccine or placebo was given to healthy infants as a 2-dose series with the first dose administered orally from 6 through 13 weeks of age followed by one additional dose administered at least 4 weeks after the first dose. The 2-dose series was completed by the age of 24 weeks of age. For both vaccination groups, the racial distribution of the efficacy subset was as follows: Hispanic 85.8%, white 7.9%, black 1.1%, and other 5.2%; 51% were male.
The clinical case definition of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis was an episode of diarrhea (passage of 3 or more loose or watery stools within a day), with or without vomiting, where rotavirus was identified in a stool sample, requiring hospitalization and/or rehydration therapy equivalent to World Health Organization (WHO) plan B (oral rehydration therapy) or plan C (intravenous rehydration therapy) in a medical facility.
The primary efficacy endpoint was prevention of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis caused by naturally occurring rotavirus from 2 weeks after the second dose through one year (ATP). Analyses were done to evaluate the efficacy of Rotarix against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis among infants who received at least one vaccination (TVC). Reduction in hospitalizations due to rotavirus gastroenteritis was also evaluated (ATP).
Efficacy of Rotarix against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis through one year was 84.7% (95% CI: 71.7, 92.4); TVC efficacy was 81.1% (95% CI: 68.5, 89.3) (Table 5).
Efficacy of Rotarix in reducing hospitalizations for rotavirus gastroenteritis through one year was 85.0% (95% CI: 69.6, 93.5); TVC efficacy was 80.8% (95% CI: 65.7, 90.0) (Table 5).
| According to Protocola | Total Vaccinated Cohortb | |||
| Rotarix | Placebo | Rotarix | Placebo | |
| Infants in Cohort | N = 9,009 | N = 8,858 | N = 10,159 | N = 10,010 |
| Gastroenteritis cases | ||||
| Severe | 12 | 77 | 18 | 94 |
| Efficacy estimate against RV GE | ||||
| Severe | 84.7%c | 81.1%c | ||
| (95% CI) | (71.7, 92.4) | (68.5, 89.3) | ||
| Cases of hospitalization due to RV GE | 9 | 59 | 14 | 72 |
| Efficacy in reducing hospitalizations due to RV GE | 85.0%c | 80.8%c | ||
| (95% CI) | (69.6, 93.5) | (65.7, 90.0) | ||
RV GE = rotavirus gastroenteritis; CI = Confidence Interval.
aATP analysis includes all infants in the efficacy cohort who received two doses of vaccine according to randomization.
bTVC analysis includes all infants in the efficacy cohort who received at least one dose of vaccine or placebo.
cStatistically significant vs. placebo (P <0.001).
Efficacy Through Two Rotavirus Seasons
The efficacy of Rotarix persisting through two rotavirus seasons was evaluated in two studies.
In the European study, the efficacy of Rotarix against any grade of severity of rotavirus gastroenteritis through two rotavirus seasons was 78.9% (95% CI: 72.7, 83.8). Efficacy in preventing any grade of severity of rotavirus gastroenteritis cases occurring only during the second season post-vaccination was 71.9% (95% CI: 61.2, 79.8). The efficacy of Rotarix against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis through two rotavirus seasons was 90.4% (95% CI: 85.1, 94.1). Efficacy in preventing severe rotavirus gastroenteritis cases occurring only during the second season post-vaccination was 85.6% (95% CI: 75.8, 91.9).
The efficacy of Rotarix in reducing hospitalizations for rotavirus gastroenteritis through two rotavirus seasons was 96.0% (95% CI: 83.8, 99.5).
In the Latin American study, the efficacy of Rotarix against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis through two years was 80.5% (95% CI: 71.3, 87.1). Efficacy in preventing severe rotavirus gastroenteritis cases occurring only during the second year post-vaccination was 79.0% (95% CI: 66.4, 87.4). The efficacy of Rotarix in reducing hospitalizations for rotavirus gastroenteritis through two years was 83.0% (95% CI: 73.1, 89.7).
The efficacy of Rotarix beyond the second season post-vaccination was not evaluated.
Efficacy Against Specific Rotavirus Types
The type-specific efficacy against any grade of severity and severe rotavirus gastroenteritis caused by G1P[8], G3P[8], G4P[8], G9P[8], and combined non-G1 (G2, G3, G4, G9) types was statistically significant through one year. Additionally, type-specific efficacy against any grade of severity and severe rotavirus gastroenteritis caused by G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], G9P[8], and combined non-G1 (G2, G3, G4, G9) types was statistically significant through two years (Table 6).
| Through One Rotavirus Season | Through Two Rotavirus Seasons | |||||
| Number of Cases | Number of Cases | |||||
| Rotarix | Placebo | % Efficacy | Rotarix | Placebo | % Efficacy | |
| Type Identifieda | N = 2,572 | N = 1,302 | (95% CI) | N = 2,572 | N = 1,302 | |
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