Generic Name: Zanamivir
Class: Neuraminidase Inhibitors
VA Class: AM800
Chemical Name: 5-Acetamido-2,6-anhydro-3,4,5-trideoxy-4-guanidino-d-glycero-d-g
CAS Number: 139110-80-8
Introduction
Antiviral; neuraminidase inhibitor; sialic acid analog.1 9
Uses for Relenza
Treatment of Seasonal Influenza A and B Virus Infections
Symptomatic treatment of uncomplicated acute illness caused by influenza A or B virus in adults, adolescents, and children ≥7 years of age who have been symptomatic for ≤2 days.1 3 4 5 6 14 116 149
Efficacy of zanamivir for treatment of influenza is not established in patients with underlying airways disease (e.g., asthma, COPD).1 Also not recommended for those with underlying airways disease because of risk of serious bronchospasm.1 (See Individuals with Asthma or COPD under Cautions.) Treatment with zanamivir has not been shown to reduce the risk of transmission of influenza to others.1
CDC, AAP, and IDSA recommend treatment of influenza illness in all individuals with suspected or confirmed influenza who require hospitalization (regardless of vaccination status or underlying illness)116 137 149 and in individuals with suspected or confirmed influenza who are at high risk of developing complications (regardless of vaccination status or influenza severity).116 149 Early empiric treatment also should be considered for individuals with suspected or confirmed influenza who are at increased risk for influenza-related complications, including children <2 years of age, adults ≥65 years of age, pregnant women and women up to 2 weeks postpartum (including following pregnancy loss), individuals of any age with certain chronic medical or immunosuppressive conditions, individuals <19 years of age who are receiving long-term aspirin therapy, and residents of any age in nursing homes or other long-term care facilities.116 137 If indicated, initiate treatment as early as possible since benefit is greatest if started within 48 hours of symptom onset;116 137 149 do not delay initiation of treatment while waiting for laboratory confirmation.137 149
Consider viral surveillance data available from local and state health departments and the CDC when selecting an antiviral for treatment of seasonal influenza.116 137 149 Strains of circulating influenza viruses and the antiviral susceptibility of these strains constantly evolve,116 144 and emergence of zanamivir-resistant influenza virus may decrease effectiveness of the drug.1 When treatment of seasonal influenza is indicated, oseltamivir or zanamivir usually is recommended.137 149 If viral surveillance indicates that influenza strains resistant to oseltamivir are circulating and treatment is indicated, zanamivir should be used.137
CDC issues recommendations concerning the use of antiviral agents for the treatment of influenza, and these recommendations are updated as needed during each influenza season.144 Information regarding influenza surveillance and updated recommendations for treatment of seasonal influenza are available from CDC at .
Prevention of Seasonal Influenza A and B Virus Infections
Prophylaxis of influenza in adults, adolescents, and children ≥5 years of age.1 2 17 18 116 149
Has been effective for prophylaxis of influenza in household settings and during community outbreaks;1 2 17 18 efficacy is not established for prophylaxis of influenza in nursing home settings.1
Not recommended for those with underlying airways disease (e.g., asthma, COPD) because of risk of serious bronchospasm.1 (See Individuals with Asthma or COPD under Cautions.)
Annual vaccination with seasonal influenza virus vaccine, as recommended by the US Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), is the primary means of preventing seasonal influenza and its severe complications.116 144 149 161 Prophylaxis with an appropriate antiviral active against circulating influenza strains is considered an adjunct to vaccination for control and prevention of influenza.1 144 161
When seasonal influenza viruses are circulating in the community, postexposure prophylaxis with oseltamivir or zanamivir can be considered for certain individuals, including those at high risk of developing influenza complications for whom influenza vaccine is contraindicated, unavailable, or expected to have low efficacy (e.g., immunocompromised individuals).116 137 149 Other possible candidates for antiviral prophylaxis include unvaccinated health care personnel, public health workers, and first responders with unprotected, close-contact exposure to a patient with confirmed, probable, or suspected influenza during the time when the patient was infectious.137 149 Also consider antiviral prophylaxis for controlling influenza outbreaks in nursing and long-term care facilities or other closed or semi-closed settings with large numbers of individuals at high risk for influenza complications.116 137 149 In individuals at high risk of influenza complications who receive parenteral inactivated influenza vaccine, use of prophylaxis can be considered during the 2 weeks after vaccination to provide protection until an adequate immune response develops.116 149 (See Influenza Virus Vaccines under Interactions.)
Consider viral surveillance data available from local and state health departments and the CDC when selecting an antiviral for prophylaxis of influenza.137 149 The most appropriate antiviral for prevention of influenza is based on the likelihood that the influenza strain is susceptible and the known adverse effects of the drug.137 144 Strains of circulating influenza viruses and the antiviral susceptibility of these strains constantly evolve,137 144 and the possibility that emergence of zanamivir-resistant influenza virus may decrease effectiveness of the drug should be considered.1
CDC issues recommendations concerning the use of antiviral agents for prophylaxis of influenza, and these recommendations are updated as needed during each influenza season.144 Information regarding influenza surveillance and updated recommendations for prevention of seasonal influenza are available from CDC at .
Avian Influenza A Virus Infections
No clinical data to date regarding use for treatment of avian influenza A virus infections.104 Drug of choice for treatment of strongly suspected or clinically confirmed cases of avian influenza A (H5N1) infection is oseltamivir.68 94 104
May be an alternative to oseltamivir for prophylaxis of avian influenza A infections28 94 since in vitro studies indicate some avian influenza A (H5N1) strains resistant to oseltamivir are susceptible to zanamivir.28 32
Pandemic Influenza
Treatment or prevention of pandemic influenza† caused by susceptible strains of influenza virus.52 151
Influenza viruses can cause pandemics, during which rates of illness and death from influenza-related complications can increase dramatically worldwide.52 109 161 Most recent influenza pandemic occurred during 2009 and was related to a novel influenza A (H1N1) strain.52 134 144 151
On June 11, 2009, the WHO declared that the first global influenza pandemic in 41 years was occurring and issued a phase 6 pandemic alert regarding 2009 influenza A (H1N1).134 A phase 6 pandemic is characterized by human-to-human spread of an animal or human-animal reassortant virus and sustained community level outbreaks of the virus in at least 2 countries in a single WHO region and sustained community level outbreaks in at least one other country in a different WHO region.135 Cases of human infection with 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus were first reported in Mexico and other countries (including the US) beginning in March and April 2009.114 117 118 119 132 134 144 In the US, the pandemic was characterized by a substantial increase in influenza activity that peaked in late October and early November 2009 and returned to seasonal baseline levels by January 2010.117 144 During that time, more than 99% of influenza viruses circulating in the US were the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus.117 144 As of August 2010, the WHO declared that the world was in a post-pandemic period;148 however, the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus is expected to continue to circulate during the 2010–2011 influenza season.144 162
The spread of the highly pathogenic H5N1 strain of avian influenza A in poultry in Asia and other countries that was identified in 2003 represents a potential future pandemic threat.28 50 54 55 56 77 144 147
Relenza Dosage and Administration
Administration
Administer commercially available powder for inhalation only by oral inhalation using the inhaler (Diskhaler) provided by the manufacturer.1 Do not administer using a nebulizer or mechanical ventilator.141
Zanamivir has been administered IV†;158 159 160 but a parenteral dosage form of the drug is not commercially available in the US.
Oral Inhalation
Zanamivir powder for inhalation is commercially available in a disk containing 4 foil blisters of the drug (Rotadisk) and is provided with an inhaler (Diskhaler) that is used to deliver the drug to the respiratory tract.1
Do not remove zanamivir powder for inhalation from its foil blister packaging.141 Do not attempt to dissolve or reconstitute the powder for inhalation in any liquid.141 Do not attempt to administer using a nebulizer or mechanical ventilator.141 (See Administration Precautions under Cautions.)
Consult the manufacturer's instructions for information on how to load the Rotadisk onto the drug delivery system (Diskhaler) and how to use the Diskhaler to administer the drug.1
Patients should be instructed in the safe and effective use of the Diskhaler;1 instructions should include a demonstration whenever possible.1
Patients scheduled to use an inhaled bronchodilator at the same time as zanamivir should use the bronchodilator first.1
Dosage
Pediatric Patients
Treatment of Seasonal Influenza A and B Virus Infections
Oral Inhalation
Adolescents and children ≥7 years of age: 2 inhalations (one 5-mg blister per inhalation for a total dose of 10 mg) twice daily (approximately 12 hours apart) for 5 days.1
Whenever possible, the first day of treatment should include 2 doses provided there is at least 2 hours between doses; on subsequent days, doses should be given about 12 hours apart (morning and evening) at approximately the same time each day.1
Initiate zanamivir treatment within 2 days after onset of symptoms.1 Although efficacy not established,1 antiviral treatment initiated >48 hours after onset of symptoms may still be beneficial in those with moderate to severe or progressive influenza.116 137 149 In addition, although usual duration of antiviral treatment is 5 days, patients hospitalized with severe infections (e.g., those with prolonged infection or admitted into an intensive care unit) may require >5 days of antiviral treatment.137
Prevention of Seasonal Influenza A and B Virus Infections
Household Setting
Oral Inhalation
Adolescents and children ≥5 years of age: 2 inhalations (one 5-mg blister per inhalation for a total dose of 10 mg) once daily for 10 days.1
Administer at approximately the same time each day.1 Efficacy in household settings not established if zanamivir prophylaxis initiated >1.5 days after onset of symptoms in the index case.1
Community Outbreak
Oral Inhalation
Adolescents: 2 inhalations (one 5-mg blister per inhalation for a total dose of 10 mg) once daily for 28 days.1 Administer at approximately the same time each day.1
Efficacy in community outbreaks not established if zanamivir prophylaxis initiated >5 days after the outbreak is identified in the community.1 Safety and efficacy of prophylaxis given for >28 days not evaluated.1
Adults
Treatment of Seasonal Influenza A and B Virus Infections
Oral Inhalation
2 inhalations (one 5-mg blister per inhalation for a total dose of 10 mg) twice daily (approximately 12 hours apart) for 5 days.1
Whenever possible, the first day of treatment should include 2 doses provided there is at least 2 hours between doses; on subsequent days, doses should be given about 12 hours apart (morning and evening) at approximately the same time each day.1
Initiate zanamivir treatment within 2 days after onset of symptoms.1 Although efficacy not established,1 antiviral treatment initiated >48 hours after onset of symptoms may still be beneficial in those with moderate to severe or progressive influenza.116 137 149 In addition, although usual duration of antiviral treatment is 5 days, patients hospitalized with severe infections (e.g., those with prolonged infection or admitted into an intensive care unit) may require >5 days of antiviral treatment.137
Prevention of Seasonal Influenza A and B Virus Infections
Household Setting
Oral Inhalation
2 inhalations (one 5-mg blister per inhalation for a total dose of 10 mg) once daily for 10 days.1 Administer at approximately the same time each day.1
Efficacy in household settings not established if zanamivir prophylaxis initiated >1.5 days after onset of symptoms in the index case.1
Community Outbreak
Oral Inhalation
2 inhalations (one 5-mg blister per inhalation for a total dose of 10 mg) once daily for 28 days.1 Administer at approximately the same time each day.1
Efficacy in community outbreaks not established if zanamivir prophylaxis initiated >5 days after the outbreak is identified in the community.1 Safety and efficacy of prophylaxis given for >28 days not evaluated.1
Special Populations
Renal Impairment
Dosage adjustment not needed in patients with renal impairment.1
Cautions for Relenza
Contraindications
History of hypersensitivity reaction to zanamivir or any ingredient in the formulation (e.g., lactose).1
Warnings/Precautions
Respiratory Effects
Serious bronchospasm, including fatalities, reported when used in patients with or without underlying airways disease.1 (See Individuals with Asthma or COPD under Cautions.) Many such cases were reported during postmarketing surveillance and causality to the drug difficult to assess.1
Some patients without prior respiratory disease also may have respiratory abnormalities from acute respiratory infection that could resemble adverse drug reactions or increase vulnerability to adverse drug reactions.1
Discontinue use if bronchospasm develops or respiratory function declines;1 immediate treatment and hospitalization may be required.1
Individuals with Asthma or COPD
Not recommended for treatment or prophylaxis of influenza in individuals with underlying airways disease (e.g., asthma, COPD) because of risk of serious bronchospasm.1 (See Respiratory Effects under Cautions.)
When tested in patients with mild or moderate asthma (but without acute influenza-like illness), bronchospasm documented in 1/13 patients.1 When used in patients with acute influenza-like illness superimposed on underlying asthma or COPD, a >20% decline in FEV1 occurred in more patients receiving the drug than in those receiving placebo.1
The benefits and risks should be considered carefully if use of zanamivir is considered in patients with underlying airways disease.1 If a decision is made to use the drug in such patients, monitor respiratory function carefully and have appropriate supportive care available, including short-acting β-adrenergic bronchodilators.1 15
Sensitivity Reactions
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Bronchospasm and allergic-like reactions (e.g., oropharyngeal edema, serious skin rash) reported.1
Discontinue immediately and initiate appropriate treatment if an allergic reaction occurs or is suspected.1
Neuropsychiatric Events
Postmarketing reports of delirium and abnormal behavior leading to self-injury reported mainly in Japanese children receiving neuraminidase inhibitors, including zanamivir.1 Role of zanamivir not determined.1
Influenza itself can be associated with a variety of neurologic and behavioral symptoms (e.g., seizures, hallucinations, delirium, abnormal behavior) and fatalities can occur.1 Although such events may occur in the setting of encephalitis or encephalopathy, they can occur without obvious severe disease.1
Closely monitor patients with influenza for signs of abnormal behavior.1 If neuropsychiatric symptoms develop, consider risks versus benefits of continued therapy.1
Concomitant Illness
Safety and efficacy for treatment or prophylaxis of influenza not established in patients with high-risk underlying medical conditions.1 (See Individuals with Asthma or COPD under Cautions.)
No data available regarding use in patients with severe or unstable medical conditions that may require inpatient care.1
Differential Diagnosis
When making treatment decisions in patients with suspected influenza, consider the possibility of primary or concomitant bacterial infection for which zanamivir would be ineffective.1 15
Serious bacterial infections may begin with influenza-like symptoms or may coexist with or occur as complications of influenza.1 No evidence that zanamivir prevents such complications.1
No evidence of efficacy in illness caused by any organisms other than influenza A or B.1
Administration Precautions
Administer zanamivir powder for inhalation using only the inhaler (Diskhaler) provided by the manufacturer.1 141 Do not remove the powder from its foil blister packaging (Rotadisk).141 Do not attempt to reconstitute or solubilize the powder in liquid;141 do not attempt to administer in a nebulizer or mechanical ventilator.141
Safety and efficacy have not been established for administration by nebulization or mechanical ventilation.141 Lactose in the formulation may obstruct or interfere with proper functioning of mechanical ventilator equipment.140 141 At least 1 death has been reported when a patient received the drug by mechanical ventilation after solubilization in a liquid.140 141
Patients should be instructed in the safe and effective use of the drug delivery system (Diskhaler) provided by the manufacturer.1 Instructions on use of the inhaler should include a demonstration whenever possible.1
Some geriatric patients may need assistance with the inhaler.1
Children should be under adult supervision with close attention to use of the inhaler.1 (See Pediatric Use under Cautions.)
Prior Use
No data available regarding safety and efficacy of repeated courses of zanamivir for treatment of influenza.1
Influenza Vaccination
Zanamivir is not a substitute for annual vaccination with seasonal influenza virus vaccine inactivated or seasonal influenza virus vaccine live intranasal.1 144
Antiviral agents used for treatment or prevention of influenza may be used concomitantly with parenteral inactivated seasonal influenza virus vaccine if indicated.1 144
Intranasal live seasonal influenza virus vaccine should not be administered until at least 48 hours after influenza antiviral agents are discontinued and these antiviral agents should not be administered until at least 2 weeks after administration of live intranasal influenza vaccine, unless medically indicated.1 144 (See Influenza Virus Vaccines under Interactions.)
Specific Populations
Pregnancy
Category C.1
Pregnant women are at increased risk for severe complications and death from influenza.144
CDC states that pregnancy should not be considered a contraindication to use of zanamivir for the treatment or prevention of influenza; zanamivir regimens recommended for such infections in pregnant women are the same as those for other adults.127 137 142
Because of its systemic absorption, CDC states that oseltamivir may be preferred when a neuraminidase inhibitor is indicated for treatment of influenza in a pregnant woman, but the drug of choice for prophylaxis of these infections is less clear.127 142 Zanamivir may be preferred for prophylaxis in pregnant women because of its limited systemic absorption; however, respiratory complications that may be associated with zanamivir because of its route of administration should be considered, especially in women at risk for respiratory problems.127 142
Lactation
Distributed into milk in rats; not known whether distributed into human milk.1 Use with caution.1
CDC states that antiviral treatment or prophylaxis is not a contraindication for breastfeeding.127
Pediatric Use
Safety and efficacy for treatment of influenza not established in children <7 years of age.1 14
Safety and efficacy for prophylaxis of influenza not established in children <5 years of age.1
Safety and efficacy in adolescents and children ≥7 years of age for treatment of influenza and safety and efficacy in adolescents and children ≥5 years of age for prophylaxis of influenza similar to adults.1
Some young children may have suboptimal inspiratory flow rates through the drug delivery system (Diskhaler).1 When considering use of zanamivir in pediatric patients, clinicians should carefully evaluate the ability of the child to use the inhaler.1
Children should receive zanamivir only under adult supervision and with close attention to proper use of the inhaler.1 The supervising adult should be instructed on proper use of the inhaler.1
Geriatric Use
Safety and efficacy for treatment of influenza in those ≥65 years of age similar to younger adults.1
Safety and efficacy for prophylaxis of influenza in those ≥65 years of age in household or community settings similar to younger adults.1 Efficacy not established for prophylaxis in geriatric individuals in nursing home settings.1
Possibility exists of greater sensitivity to the drug in some older individuals.1
Some geriatric patients may need assistance with the drug delivery system (Diskhaler).1
Hepatic Impairment
Pharmacokinetics not studied in patients with hepatic impairment.1
Renal Impairment
Safety and efficacy not documented in patients with severe renal impairment, but systemic exposure is limited after oral inhalation.1 Consider potential for drug accumulation.1
Common Adverse Effects
Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, nasal signs and symptoms, bronchitis, sinusitis, cough, and ear, nose, and throat infections.1 Some adverse effects may be related to lactose vehicle contained in the powder for oral inhalation.1
Interactions for Relenza
Zanamivir not metabolized by and does not affect CYP enzymes, including CYP1A1, 1A2, 2A6, 2C9, 2C18, 2D6, 2E1, or 3A4.1 Drug interactions with drugs that are substrates or inhibitors of these enzymes unlikely.1
Specific Drugs
Drug | Interaction | Comments |
|---|---|---|
Influenza virus vaccines | Parenteral inactivated influenza vaccine: No evidence of interference with the antibody response to the vaccine1 10 Intranasal live influenza vaccine: Potential interference with antibody response to the vaccine; no specific studies1 | Parenteral inactivated influenza vaccine: May be administered concomitantly with or at any interval before or after zanamivir144 Intranasal live influenza vaccine: Do not administer the live intranasal vaccine until at least 48 hours after zanamivir is discontinued; do not administer zanamivir until at least 2 weeks after administration of the live intranasal vaccine, unless medically indicated;1 144 repeat vaccination if influenza antiviral is given 2 days before to 14 days after the vaccine144 |
Relenza Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Bioavailability
Following oral inhalation of zanamivir, approximately 4–17% of the inhaled dose is absorbed systemically.1
Absolute bioavailability averages 2% following oral inhalation;3 peak serum concentrations attained within 1–2 hours.1 3
Special Populations
In pediatric patients <12 years of age with signs and symptoms of respiratory illness, zanamivir serum concentrations may be low or undetectable following oral inhalation because of inadequate or absent inspiratory flow rates.1 (See Pediatric Use under Cautions.)
Distribution
Extent
Delivered to epithelial lining of the respiratory tract following oral inhalation.22 Amount of drug in respiratory tract depends on patient factors such as inspiratory flow rate.1 May be present in sputum and nasal washings for at least 12 hours after a dose.22
Crosses the placenta in animals.1
Distributed into milk in animals;1 not known whether distributed into human milk.1
Plasma Protein Binding
<10% bound to plasma proteins.1
Elimination
Metabolism
Not metabolized.1
Not a substrate for and does not affect CYP isoenzymes.1
Elimination Route
Following oral inhalation, absorbed drug is excreted unchanged in urine within 24 hours;1 unabsorbed drug excreted in feces.1
Half-life
Serum half-life following oral inhalation is 2.5–5.1 hours.1 23
Special Populations
Half-life prolonged in those with renal impairment;1 studies using IV zanamivir indicate half-life is 4.7 hours if mild to moderate impairment and 18.5 hours if severe impairment.1
Stability
Storage
Oral Inhalation
Powder for Inhalation
25°C (may be exposed to 15–30°C).1
ActionsActions and Spectrum
Zanamivir is a potent selective competitive inhibitor of influenza virus neuraminidase, an enzyme essential for viral replication; possibly alters virus particle aggregation and release.1 2 3 4 5 6 9
Active against influenza A and B viruses, including amantadine- and rimantadine-resistant isolates.1 2 3 4 5 6 Active in vitro against avian influenza A viruses (including H5N1, H6N1, N7N7, H9N2).24
Active against some influenza strains resistant to oseltamivir.153 To date, isolates of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus, including some oseltamivir-resistant strains, have been susceptible to zanamivir.117 124 144 162 Some isolates of influenza A (H5N1) with reduced susceptibility or resistance to oseltamivir remain susceptible to zanamivir.32
Influenza viruses with reduced susceptibility to zanamivir have been produced in vitro.1 7 10 Resistance reported rarely in clinical isolates of influenza A or B,1 7 153 but risk of emergence of resistant isolates with clinical use has not been quantified.1
Influenza strains cross-resistant to zanamivir and oseltamivir have been generated in cell culture;1 21 only limited data available regarding possible emergence of clinical isolates with cross-resistance to both drugs.1 21
Advice to Patients
Importance of understanding proper inhalation technique and use of the drug delivery system (Diskhaler);1 importance of reading patient instructions for use.1
Importance of initiating zanamivir treatment as soon as possible after appearance of influenza symptoms (within 2 days after symptom onset);1 11 efficacy not established if treatment begins after 48 hours of symptoms.1
Advise patients that zanamivir treatment does not reduce the risk of transmission of influenza virus to others.1
Advise patients of the possible risk of bronchospasm, especially in those with underlying respiratory disease; importance of patients with asthma or COPD having a short-acting inhaled β-adrenergic bronchodilator readily available.1
Advise patients using an inhaled bronchodilator at the same time as zanamivir of the importance of using the bronchodilator first.1
Importance of discontinuing zanamivir and promptly contacting clinician if there is an increase in respiratory symptoms (e.g., wheezing, dyspnea, signs or symptoms of bronchospasm) or if symptoms of an allergic reaction occur.1
Importance of immediately contacting a clinician if patient demonstrates signs of unusual behavior.1 Influenza patients, particularly children and adolescents, may be at increased risk of seizures, confusion, or abnormal behavior early in their illness and should be closely observed for signs of unusual behavior.1 Such events are uncommon, but may occur after starting zanamivir treatment or when influenza is not treated and can result in accidental injury to the patient.1
Importance of informing clinicians of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs, as well as any concomitant illnesses.
Importance of women informing clinicians if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed.1
Importance of advising patients of other important precautionary information.1 (See Cautions.)
Preparations
Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.
Routes | Dosage Forms | Strengths | Brand Names | Manufacturer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral Inhalation | Powder for inhalation (contained in Rotadisk foil pack) | 5 mg per inhalation | Relenza (with Diskhaler) | GlaxoSmithKline |
Comparative Pricing
This pricing information is subject to change at the sole discretion of DS Pharmacy. This pricing information was updated 03/2011. Actual costs to patients will vary depending on the use of specific retail or mail-order locations and health insurance copays.
Relenza Diskhaler 5MG/BLISTER Aerosol (GLAXO SMITH KLINE): 20/$75.73 or 60/$204.14
Disclaimer
This report on medications is for your information only, and is not considered individual patient advice. Because of the changing nature of drug information, please consult your physician or pharmacist about specific clinical use.
The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com represent that the information provided hereunder was formulated with a reasonable standard of care, and in conformity with professional standards in the field. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com make no representations or warranties, express or implied, including, but not limited to, any implied warranty of merchantability and/or fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to such information and specifically disclaims all such warranties. Users are advised that decisions regarding drug therapy are complex medical decisions requiring the independent, informed decision of an appropriate health care professional, and the information is provided for informational purposes only. The entire monograph for a drug should be reviewed for a thorough understanding of the drug's actions, uses and side effects. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com do not endorse or recommend the use of any drug. The information is not a substitute for medical care.
AHFS Drug Information. © Copyright, 1959-2011, Selected Revisions December 2010. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 7272 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.
† Use is not currently included in the labeling approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.
References
1. GlaxoSmithKline. Relenza (zanamivir) for inhalation prescribing information. Research Triangle Park, NC; 2010 Mar.
2. Monto AS, Robinson DP, Herlocher ML et al. Zanamivir in the prevention of influenza among healthy adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999; 282:31-5. [IDIS 427990] [PubMed 10404908]
3. Hayden FG, Osterhaus ADME, Treanor JJ et al. Efficacy and safety of the neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivir in the treatment of influenza virus infections. N Engl J Med. 1997; 337:874-80. [IDIS 391783] [PubMed 9302301]
4. The MIST (Management of Influenza in the Southern Hemisphere Trialists) Study Group. Randomised trial of efficacy and safety of inhaled zanamivir in treatment of influenza A and B virus infections. Lancet. 1998; 352:1877-81. [IDIS 418344] [PubMed 9863784]
5. Calfee DP, Hayden FG. New approaches to influenza chemotherapy: neuraminidase inhibitors. Drugs. 1998; 56:537-53. [PubMed 9806102]
6. Aoki FY, Hayden FG. Zanamivir: a potent and selective inhibitor of influenza A and B viruses. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1999; 36(Suppl 1):v-ix. [PubMed 10429834]
7. Gubareva LV, Matrosivich MN, Brenner MK et al. Evidence for zanamivir resistance in an immunocompromised child infected with influenza B virus. J Infect Dis. 1998; 178:1257-62. [IDIS 418530] [PubMed 9780244]
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2008. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2008; 57(RR-7):1-60.
10. Webster A, Boyce M, Edmundson S. Coadministration of orally inhaled zanamivir with inactivated trivalent influenza virus vaccine does not adversely affect the production of antihaemagglutinin antibodies in the serum of healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1999; 36(Suppl 1):51-8. [PubMed 10429840]
11. Glaxo Wellcome, Research Triangle Park, NC: Personal communication.
12. Shilling M, Povinelli L, Krause P et al. Efficacy of zanamivir for chemoprophylaxis of nursing home influenza outbreaks. Vaccine. 1998; 16:1771-4. [PubMed 9778755]
14. Hedrick JA, Barzilai A, Behre U et al. Zanamivir for treatment of symptomatic influenza A and B infection in children five to twelve years of age: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000; 19:410-7. [IDIS 447594] [PubMed 10819336]
15. Lumpkin MM. Food and Drug Administration. Dear healthcare provider letter regarding safe and appropriate use of influenza drugs. Rockville, MD; 2000 Jan 12. From FDA website.
17. Hayden FG, Gubareva LV, Monto AS et al. Inhaled zanamivir for the prevention of influenza in families. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343:1282-9. [IDIS 454760] [PubMed 11058672]
18. Kaiser L, Henry D, Flack NP et al. Short-term treatment with zanamivir to prevent influenza: results of a placebo-controlled study. Clin Infect Dis. 2000; 30:587-9. [IDIS 444643] [PubMed 10722450]
19. Hedrick JA, Barzilai A, Behre U et al. Zanamivir for treatment of symptomatic influenza A and B infection in children five to twelve years of age: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000; 19:410-7. [IDIS 447594] [PubMed 10819336]
21. Genentech USA, Inc. Tamiflu (oseltamivir phosphate) capsules and for oral suspension prescribing information. South San Franciso: 2010 Sep.
22. Peng AW, Milleri S, Stein DS. Direct measurement of the anti-influenza agent zanamivir in the respiratory tract following inhalation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000; 44:1974-6. [IDIS 448903] [PubMed 10858364]
23. Cass LM, Efthymiopoulos C, Bye A. Pharmacokinetics of zanamivir after intravenous, oral, inhaled or intranasal administration to healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1999; 36(Suppl 1):1-11. [PubMed 10429835]
24. Govorkova EA, Leneva IA, Goloubeva OG et al. Comparison of efficacies of RWJ-270201, zanamivir, and oseltamivir against H5N1, H9N2, and other avian influenza viruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45:2723-32.
26. Nuzzo J. Federal advisory groups recommend priorities for vaccination and antivirals during a pandemic. CBN Weekly Bulletin. 2005 Aug 2.
28. Hayden FG. Pandemic influenza: is an antiviral response realistic? Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004; 23(Suppl):S262-9.
29. American Academy of Pediatrics. 2009 Red Book. Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 28th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2009.
30. Koopmans M, Wilbrink B, Conyn M et al. Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. Lancet. 2004; 363:587-93. [PubMed 14987882]
31. Leneva IA, Goloubeva O, Fenton RJ et al. Efficacy of zanamivir against avian influenza A viruses that possess genes encoding H5N1 internal proteins and are pathogenic in mammals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45:12
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